The Moral Circle — How It Expanded
Ancient world

Family and tribe

In most ancient societies, moral obligations extended to kin and community members — and stopped there. The suffering of outsiders, enemies, or slaves was not morally irrelevant to everyone, but it was not institutionally recognised. The exclusion was not argued for philosophically; it was simply the shape of the world.

The pattern: Confident exclusion, no argument needed. The boundary felt natural until it didn't.

Tap each expansion to see what the objection was and how the pattern repeated. The last step is still open.